GMAT阅读“Ecoefficiency”文章深度分析

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　　GMAT阅读“Ecoefficiency”文章深度分析
　　   阅读建议：
　　   1） 北京新东方建议读者先按自己的节奏阅读文章并做完题目，再看文章分析及题目讲解。
　　    文章及题目：
　   　Ecoefficiency   (measurestominimizeenvironmentalimpactthroughthereductionorthrougheliminationofwastefromproductionprocesses)hasbecomeagoalforcompaniesworldwide,withmanyrealizingsignificantcostsavingsfromsuchinnovations.PeterSengeandGoranCarstedtseethisdevelopmentaslaudablebutsuggestthatsimplyadoptingecoefficiencyinnovationscouldactuallyworsenenvironmentalstressesinthefuture.Suchinnovationsreduceproductionwastebutdonotalterthenumberofproductsmanufacturednorthewastegeneratedfromtheiruseanddiscard;indeed,mostcompaniesinvestinecoefficiencyimprovementsinordertoincreaseprofitsandgrowth.Moreover,thereisnoguaranteethatincreasedeconomicgrowthfromecoefficiencywillcomeinsimilarlyecoefficientways,sinceintoday'sglobalmarkets,greaterprofitsmaybeturnedintoinvestmentcapitalthatcouldeasilybereinvestedinold-styleeco-inefficientindustries.Evenavastlymoreecoefficientindustrialsystemcould,wereittogrowmuchlarger,generatemoretotalwasteanddestroymorehabitatandspeciesthanwouldasmaller,lessecoefficienteconomy.SengeandCarstedtarguethattopreservetheglobalenvironmentandsustaineconomicgrowth,businessesmustdevelopanewsystemicapproachthatreducestotalmaterialuseandtotalaccumulatedwaste.Focusingexclusivelyonecoefficiency,whichoffersacompellingbusinesscaseaccordingtoestablishedthinking,maydistractcompaniesfrompursuingradicallydifferentproductsandbusinessmodels.
　　   1.Theprimarypurposeofthepassageisto
　　(A)explainwhyaparticularbusinessstrategyhasbeenlesssuccessfulthanwasonceanticipated
　　(B)proposeanalternativetoaparticularbusinessstrategythathasinadvertentlycausedecologicaldamage
　　(C)presentaconcernaboutthepossibleconsequencesofpursuingaparticularbusinessstrategy
　　(D)makeacaseforapplyingaparticularbusinessstrategyonalargerscalethaniscurrentlypracticed
　　(E)suggestseveralpossibleoutcomesofcompanies'failuretounderstandtheeconomicimpactofaparticularbusinessstrategy
　　   2.Thepassagementionswhichofthefollowingasapossibleconsequenceofcompanies'realizationofgreaterprofitsthroughecoefficiency?
　　(A)Thecompaniesmaybeabletosellagreaternumberofproductsbyloweringprices.
　　(B)Thecompaniesmaybebetterabletoattractinvestmentcapitalintheglobalmarket.
　　(C)Theprofitsmaybereinvestedtoincreaseeconomicgrowththroughecoefficiency.
　　(D)Theprofitsmaybeusedasinvestmentcapitalforindustriesthatarenotecoefficient.
　　(E)Theprofitsmayencouragecompaniestomakefurtherinnovationsinreducingproductionwaste.
　　3.Thepassageimpliesthatwhichofthefollowingisapossibleconsequenceofacompany'sadoptionofinnovationsthatincreaseitsecoefficiency?
　　(A)Companyprofitsresultingfromsuchinnovationsmaybereinvestedinthatcompanywithnoguaranteethatthecompanywillcontinuetomakefurtherimprovementsinecoefficiency.
　　(B)Companygrowthfosteredbycostsavingsfromsuchinnovationsmayallowthatcompanytomanufactureagreaternumberofproductsthatwillbeusedanddiscarded,thusworseningenvironmentalstress.
　　(C)Acompanythatfailstorealizesignificantcostsavingsfromsuchinnovationsmayhavelittleincentivetocontinuetominimizetheenvironmentalimpactofitsproductionprocesses.
　　(D)Acompanythatcomestodependonsuchinnovationstoincreaseitsprofitsandgrowthmaybevulnerableintheglobalmarkettocompetitionfromold-styleeco-inefficientindustries.
　　(E)Acompanythatmeetsitsecoefficiencygoalsisunlikelytoinvestitsincreasedprofitsinthedevelopmentofnewandinnovativeecoefficiencymeasures.
　　   1.文章初读：
　   　（本文只有一段，所以先读首句和末句以了解文章大意）
　    　首句：
　　   Ecoefficiency(measurestominimizeenvironmentalimpactthroughthereductionoreliminationofwastefromproductionprocesses)hasbecomeagoalforcompaniesworldwide,withmanyrealizingsignificantcostsavingsfromsuchinnovations.
　　  评：给出了文章的核心概念Ecoefficiency（注意括号里的内容，对于理解ecoefficiency大有帮助），提到生态效益成为世界各地公司的目标和它的作用。
　   　末句：
　　Focusingexclusivelyonecoefficiency,whichoffersacompellingbusinesscaseaccordingtoestablishedthinking,maydistractcompaniesfrompursuingradicallydifferentproductsandbusinessmodels.
　    　翻译：将目光局限于生态效益--根据既有的思维，它提供了一个引人入胜的商业案例--可能使公司分心，不再追求完全不同的产品和商业模式。
　　    评：读该句，应该注意几个词：exclusively,established,distract…from,这句实际上是指出过分强调ecoefficiency可能带了的问题：公司可能由于追求同一个目标ecoefficiency而日趋同质化。从这两句话可以看出，本文开头引出ecoefficiency，陈述其被奉为目标的事实，而最后指出过分注重ecoefficiency可能引发的问题。可以推测本文应该是对ecoefficiency进行比较全面评价的文章。
　   　2.文章精读（精读各句，把握逻辑关系）
　   　标记重要逻辑关系词及态度评价词
　    　Ecoefficiency(measurestominimizeenvironmentalimpactthroughthereductionorthrougheliminationofwastefromproductionprocesses)hasbecomeagoalforcompaniesworldwide,withmanyrealizingsignificantcostsavingsfromsuchinnovations.PeterSengeandGoranCarstedtseethisdevelopmentaslaudablebutsuggestthatsimplyadoptingecoefficiencyinnovationscouldactuallyworsenenvironmentalstressesinthefuture.Suchinnovationsreduceproductionwastebutdonotalterthenumberofproductsmanufacturednorthewastegeneratedfromtheiruseanddiscard;indeed,mostcompaniesinvestinecoefficiencyimprovementsinordertoincreaseprofitsandgrowth.Moreover,thereisnoguaranteethatincreasedeconomicgrowthfromecoefficiencywillcomeinsimilarlyecoefficientways,sinceintoday'sglobalmarkets,greaterprofitsmaybeturnedintoinvestmentcapitalthatcouldeasilybereinvestedinold-styleeco-inefficientindustries.Evenavastlymoreecoefficientindustrialsystemcould,wereittogrowmuchlarger,generatemoretotalwasteanddestroymorehabitatandspeciesthanwouldasmaller,lessecoefficienteconomy.SengeandCarstedtarguethattopreservetheglobalenvironmentandsustaineconomicgrowth,businessesmustdevelopanewsystemicapproachthatreducestotalmaterialuseandtotalaccumulatedwaste.Focusingexclusivelyonecoefficiency,whichoffersacompellingbusinesscaseaccordingtoestablishedthinking,maydistractcompaniesfrompursuingradicallydifferentproductsandbusinessmodels.
　　  翻译：
　  　随着许多公司意识到这些革新带来的显著的成本节约，生态效益（通过减少或消除来自生产过程的废弃物以最小化对环境的影响的方法）已经成为世界各地公司的目标。PeterSenge和GoranCarstedt认为这个发展值得赞赏，但认为仅仅简单地运用生态效益革新事实上会使未来的环境压力更大。这种革新减少了生产废弃物，但是并没有改变生产产品的数量以及在他们使用和丢弃过程中产生的废弃物；确实，大多数公司为改进生态效益而投资是为了增加利润和公司成长。此外，并不能保证来自生态效益的经济增长会以类似的高生态效益的方式到来，因为在当今的全球市场，更高的利润可能会转变为投资资本，而投资资本很容易被再投资于老式的低生态效益产业当中。即使是一个生态效益更高的产业系统，如果它增长得过大，也会比缺生态效益更低的小型经济产生总量更大的废弃物并且破坏更多的栖息地和物种。Senge和Carstedt争论说为了保护全球环境，保持经济增长，企业必须发展一种新的系统的方法以减少原料使用总量和累计废弃物总量。将目光局限在生态效益上--根据既有的思维，它提供了一个引人入胜的商业案例--可能使公司分心不在追求完全不同的产品和商业模式。
　　读完文章后，可做如下笔记，整理各句大意及句间关系：
　　eco.=reducewaste
　　eco.→costsaving
　　PS&GC:simply=worsenӨ
　　notalterno.&use&disg.Ө
　　moreover,reinvest'ineco.Ө
　　eveneco.↑→totalwaste↑Ө
　　Neednewapproach
　　exclusivelyeco.Ө
　　3. 做题：
　　1.Theprimarypurposeofthepassageisto
　　(A)explainwhyaparticularbusinessstrategyhasbeenlesssuccessfulthanwasonceanticipated
　　(B)proposeanalternativetoaparticularbusinessstrategythathasinadvertentlycausedecologicaldamage
　　(C)presentaconcernaboutthepossibleconsequencesofpursuingaparticularbusinessstrategy
　　(D)makeacaseforapplyingaparticularbusinessstrategyonalargerscalethaniscurrentlypracticed
　　(E)suggestseveralpossibleoutcomesofcompanies'failuretounderstandtheeconomicimpactofaparticularbusinessstrategy
　　评：
　　1) 主旨题：正确答案为(C)。做主旨题，首先判断文章类型为对比型文章，主旨为负态度或无态度。
　　2) 错项分析:
　　(A):无中生有：Ecoefficiency带来了经济增长，文章并未提及实际成果和从前期待的成功的对比。
　　(B):注意，propose是正态度词，与文章主旨态度不符，排除；无中生有：文章并未提出替代方案。
　　(D):注意，主旨题要排除makeacase选项。
　　(E):注意，suggest是正态度词，与文章主旨（负态度或无态度）态度不符，排除。
　　2.Thepassagementionswhichofthefollowingasapossibleconsequenceofcompanies'realizationofgreaterprofitsthroughecoefficiency?
　　(A)Thecompaniesmaybeabletosellagreaternumberofproductsbyloweringprices.
　　(B)Thecompaniesmaybebetterabletoattractinvestmentcapitalintheglobalmarket.
　　(C)Theprofitsmaybereinvestedtoincreaseeconomicgrowththroughecoefficiency.
　　(D)Theprofitsmaybeusedasinvestmentcapitalforindustriesthatarenotecoefficient.
　　(E)Theprofitsmayencouragecompaniestomakefurtherinnovationsinreducingproductionwaste.
　　评：
　　1）直接细节题：正确答案为(D)。根据题干中"possibleconsequence"可以判断应定为在负评价处。根据题干中"companies'realizationofgreaterprofits"定位至文中18-20行，"greaterprofitsmaybeturnedintoinvestmentcapitalthatcouldeasilybereinvestedinold-styleeco-inefficientindustries."直接选出属于原文同意转述的正确选项(D)。
　　2) 错项分析:
　　(A):无中生有：并未提及降价促销。
　　(B):无中生有：并未提及从全球市场中吸引投资。
　　(C):与原意相反：原句说通过ecoefficiency而增加的利润会用来投资到in-ecoefficiency中，而非ecoefficiency中。
　　(E):无中生有：并未提及makefurtherinnovations。
　　3.Thepassageimpliesthatwhichofthefollowingisapossibleconsequenceofacompany'sadoptionofinnovationsthatincreaseitsecoefficiency?
　　(A)Companyprofitsresultingfromsuchinnovationsmaybereinvestedinthatcompanywithnoguaranteethatthecompanywillcontinuetomakefurtherimprovementsinecoefficiency.
　　(B)Companygrowthfosteredbycostsavingsfromsuchinnovationsmayallowthatcompanytomanufactureagreaternumberofproductsthatwillbeusedanddiscarded,thusworseningenvironmentalstress.
　　(C)Acompanythatfailstorealizesignificantcostsavingsfromsuchinnovationsmayhavelittleincentivetocontinuetominimizetheenvironmentalimpactofitsproductionprocesses.
　　(D)Acompanythatcomestodependonsuchinnovationstoincreaseitsprofitsandgrowthmaybevulnerableintheglobalmarkettocompetitionfromold-styleeco-inefficientindustries.
　　(E)Acompanythatmeetsitsecoefficiencygoalsisunlikelytoinvestitsincreasedprofitsinthedevelopmentofnewandinnovativeecoefficiencymeasures.
　　评：
　　1）间接细节题：正确答案为(B)。根据题干中"possibleconsequence"可以判断应定为在负评价处。根据题干中"acompany'sadoptionofinnovationthatincreaseitsecoefficiency"定位至文中8-15行，"simplyadoptingecoefficiency…Suchinnovations…."。该句说，采用ecoefficiency不会改变被生产产品的数量，也不会改变从在产品的使用和丢弃过程中产生的垃圾的数量。因此，可以推断出正确选项(B)：公司会制造更多产品，产品的使用和丢弃会给环境带来更坏的压力。
　　3) 错项分析:
　　(A):混淆文意："再投资到不能保证ecoefficiency的方向"实际上是上题中"companies'realizationofgreaterprofits"的后果，而不是"adoptionofinnovationthatincreaseitsecoefficiency"的后果。
　　(C):无中生有：题目问的是adoptionofinnovationthatincreaseitsecoefficiency，而不是那些failstorealizesignificantcostsavings的公司（文中没提过），无中生有而且答非所问。
　　(D):无中生有：文中没有提及ecoefficient的公司和eco-inefficient的公司在全球市场上的竞争情况。
　　(E):混淆文意：与(A)选项类似，"再投资到不能保证ecoefficiency的方向"实际上是上题中"companies'realizationofgreaterprofits"的后果，而不是"adoptionofinnovationthatincreaseitsecoefficiency"的后果。
　　       

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